TODAY: 06 January 2009

Main Menu Top Home (2.0) The Store GeneticMemory's Blog CyberHood Tool Time Links FAQs Nano's Forums News Search Contact Us Our Story Voice & Video Chat Web2.0 Clock Loading Clock... Who's Online Syndicate Visitors: 33398 Sections Science nano - Forums Tool Time The Wu Files News Designed by:

First Single-Molecule Switch Wednesday, 23 January 2008  IBM researchers unveiled the first single-molecule switch     Magnetic Atom Milestone Brings Single-Atom Data Storage Closer to Reality; Single-Molecule Switching Could Lead to Molecular Computers San Jose, CA & Zurich, Switzerland -- IBM  today announced two major scientific achievements in the field of nanotechnology that could one day lead to new kinds of devices and structures built from a few atoms or molecules.   Although still far from making their way into products, these breakthroughs will enable scientists at IBM and elsewhere to continue driving the field of nanotechnology, the exploration of building structures and devices out of ultra-tiny, atomic-scale components. Such devices might be used as future computer chips, storage devices, sensors and for applications nobody has imagined yet. The work will be unveiled tomorrow in two reports being published by the journal Science. In the first report, IBM scientists describe major progress in probing a property called magnetic anisotropy in individual atoms. This fundamental measurement has important technological consequences because it determines an atom’s ability to store information. Previously, nobody had been able to measure the magnetic anisotropy of a single atom. With further work it may be possible to build structures consisting of small clusters of atoms, or even individual atoms, that could reliably store magnetic information. Such a storage capability would enable nearly 30,000 feature length movies or the entire contents of YouTube – millions of videos estimated to be more than 1,000 trillion bits of data – to fit in a device the size of an iPod. Perhaps more importantly, the breakthrough could lead to new kinds of structures and devices that are so small they could be applied to entire new fields and disciplines beyond traditional computing. In the second report, IBM researchers unveiled the first single-molecule switch that can operate flawlessly without disrupting the molecule's outer frame -- a significant step toward building computing elements at the molecular scale that are vastly smaller, faster and use less energy than today's computer chips and memory devices. In addition to switching within a single molecule, the researchers also demonstrated that atoms inside one molecule can be used to switch atoms in an adjacent molecule, representing a rudimentary logic element. This is made possible partly because the molecular framework is not disturbed. The Science of The Small: Understanding the Magnetic Properties of Atoms In the paper titled “Large Magnetic Anisotropy of a Single Atomic Spin Embedded in a Surface Molecular Network,” the researchers used IBM’s special scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to manipulate individual iron atoms and arranged them with atomic precision on a specially prepared copper surface. They then determined the orientation and strength of the magnetic anisotropy of the individual iron atoms. Anisotropy is an important property for data storage because it determines whether or not a magnet can maintain a specific orientation. This in turn allows the magnet to represent either a “1” or “0,” which is the basis for storing data in computers. “One of the major challenges for the IT industry today is shrinking the bit size used for data storage to the smallest possible features, while increasing the capacity,” said Gian-Luca Bona, manager of science and technology at the IBM Almaden Research Center in San Jose, California. “We are working at the ultimate edge of what is possible – and we are now one step closer to figuring out how to store data at the atomic level. Understanding the specific magnetic properties of atoms is the cornerstone of progressing toward new, more efficient ways to store data.” Lilliputian Scale Devices: Single Molecule Logic Switching In the paper titled “Current-Induced Hydrogen Tautomerization and Conductance Switching of Naphthalocyanine Molecules,” IBM researchers describe the ability to switch a single molecule “on” and “off,” a basic element of computer logic, using two hydrogen atoms within a naphthalocyanine organic molecule. Previously, researchers at IBM and elsewhere have demonstrated switching within single molecules, but the molecules would change their shape when switching, making them unsuitable for building logic gates for computer chips or memory elements. Switches inside computer chips act like a light switch to turn the flow of electrons on and off and, when put together, make up the logic gates, which in turn make up electrical circuits. Having ever smaller switches allows the circuits to be shrunk to ever smaller sizes, making it possible to pack more circuits into a processor and boosting speed and performance. These molecular switches could one day lead to computer chips with speeds as fast as today's fastest supercomputers, but much smaller in size; with some speculating even building computer chips so small they could be the size of a speck of dust or fit on the tip of a needle. Development of conventional silicon-based CMOS chips is approaching its physical limits, and the IT industry is exploring new, truly disruptive technologies to achieve further increases in computer performance. Modular molecular logic is a possible candidate, though still several years from reality. The next step for the Research team is to build a series of these molecules into a circuit, then figure out how to network those together into a molecular chip. The concept of using molecules as electronic components is still in its infancy. Only a few examples of individual molecules serving as switches or memory elements have been demonstrated to date. Most of these molecules are complex, three-dimensional structures and change their shape when switching. Placing them on a surface while maintaining their function is extremely difficult, making them unsuitable as building blocks for computer logic. The switching within the molecule used by the IBM researchers is well-defined, highly-localized, reversible, intrinsic to the molecule, and does not involve changes in the molecular frame. Therefore, this molecule could be used as a building block for more complex molecular devices that serve as logic elements. As the shape of the molecule does not change during switching, single switches can be coupled in a controlled way. The switching process should also work with molecules embedded in more complex structures. "Accidental" Science Although the IBM Research team had been screening various molecules to discover if they would be suitable for molecular switches, in the case of naphthalocyanine, the tests being performed were not to observe switching but rather to examine molecular vibrations, since understanding vibrations of molecules is important for devices operating at the atomic level. During those tests, team members were surprised to observe results that were intriguing for switching at the molecular scale, and they shifted their focus from studying vibrations to studying switching, leading to this breakthrough. “One of the beauties of doing exploratory science is that by researching one area, you sometimes stumble upon other areas of major significance,” said Gerhard Meyer, senior researcher in the nanoscale science group at the IBM Zurich lab. “Although the discovery of this breakthrough was accidental, it may prove to be significant for building the computers of the future.” IBM’s Nanotechnology Leadership These new results are the latest in a series of achievements in nanoscale science at IBM Research. Two IBM scientists in Switzerland won the 1986 Nobel Prize in physics for their early 1980s invention of the STM. Over the past 20 years, IBM Almaden researchers have pioneered the use of STMs for positioning atoms into precisely designed structures that reveal fundamental atomic-scale properties and may have potential uses in information storage, transmission and processing.     [ Back ] Top | Home (2.0) | The Store | GeneticMemory's Blog | CyberHood | Tool Time | Links | FAQs | Nano's Forums | News | Search | Contact Us | Our Story | Voice & Video Chat |

Wise Words   New Articles RESET Resistance and Commerce Supermouse Intrusive Brain Reading Surveillance Technology Pt.4 KUKU :The Absence of Cool Orgin of the Ancient Egyptians Of National Lies and Racial Amnesia W.B.A.I. Free Speech Radio (updated) Form 1040 Media Center QuickNav Quick Navigation TopHome (2.0)The StoreGeneticMemory's BlogCyberHoodTool TimeLinksFAQsNano's ForumsNewsSearchContact UsOur StoryVoice & Video ChatJoomla! ForumsAdministrator

© geneticmemory.org 2007 | to the top

1
SELECT folder, element, published, params
 FROM jos_mambots
 WHERE published >= 1
 AND access <= 0
 AND folder = 'system'
 ORDER BY ordering
2
SELECT template
 FROM jos_templates_menu
 WHERE client_id = 0
 AND ( menuid = 0  OR menuid = 99999999 )
 ORDER BY menuid DESC
LIMIT 1
3
DELETE FROM jos_session
 WHERE (
 ( time < '1231225100' )
 AND guest = 0
 AND gid > 0
 ) OR (
 ( time < '1231227100' )
 AND guest = 1
 AND userid = 0
 )
4
SELECT COUNT(*)
 FROM jos_stats_agents
 WHERE agent = 'Unknown'
 AND type = 0
5
UPDATE jos_stats_agents
 SET hits = ( hits + 1 )
 WHERE agent = 'Unknown'
 AND type = 0
6
SELECT COUNT(*)
 FROM jos_stats_agents
 WHERE agent = 'Unknown'
 AND type = 1
7
UPDATE jos_stats_agents
 SET hits = ( hits + 1 )
 WHERE agent = 'Unknown'
 AND type = 1
8
SELECT COUNT(*)
 FROM jos_stats_agents
 WHERE agent = 'Unknown'
 AND type = 2
9
UPDATE jos_stats_agents
 SET hits = ( hits + 1 )
 WHERE agent = 'Unknown'
 AND type = 2
10
SELECT *
 FROM jos_menu
 WHERE published = 1 AND
 link LIKE 'index.php?option=com_content&task=view%'
11
SELECT a.*, u.name AS author, u.usertype, cc.name AS category, s.name AS section, g.name AS groups,
 s.published AS sec_pub, cc.published AS cat_pub, s.access AS sec_access, cc.access AS cat_access,
 s.id AS sec_id, cc.id as cat_id
 FROM jos_content AS a
 LEFT JOIN jos_categories AS cc ON cc.id = a.catid
 LEFT JOIN jos_sections AS s ON s.id = cc.section AND s.scope = 'content'
 LEFT JOIN jos_users AS u ON u.id = a.created_by
 LEFT JOIN jos_groups AS g ON a.access = g.id
 WHERE a.id = 229 AND ( a.state = 1 OR a.state = -1 )
 AND ( a.publish_up = '0000-00-00 00:00:00' OR a.publish_up <= '2009-01-06 00:46' )
 AND ( a.publish_down = '0000-00-00 00:00:00' OR a.publish_down >= '2009-01-06 00:46' )
 AND a.access <= 0
12
UPDATE jos_content
 SET hits = ( hits + 1 )
 WHERE id = '229'
13
SELECT hits
 FROM jos_core_log_items
 WHERE time_stamp = '2009-01-06'
 AND item_table = '#__content'
 AND item_id = '229'
14
INSERT INTO jos_core_log_items
 VALUES ( '2009-01-06', '#__content', '229', 1 )
15
SELECT folder, element, published, params
 FROM jos_mambots
 WHERE access <= 0
 AND folder = 'content'
 ORDER BY ordering
16
SELECT a.*
 FROM jos_components AS a
 WHERE ( a.admin_menu_link = 'option=com_syndicate' OR a.admin_menu_link = 'option=com_syndicate&hidemainmenu=1' )
 AND a.option = 'com_syndicate'
17
SELECT * FROM jos_menu WHERE menutype = 'mainmenu' AND published ='1' AND parent = '0' ORDER BY ordering
18
SELECT id, title, module, position, content, showtitle, params
 FROM jos_modules AS m
 INNER JOIN jos_modules_menu AS mm ON mm.moduleid = m.id
 WHERE m.published = 1
 AND m.access <= 0
 AND m.client_id != 1
 AND ( mm.menuid = 0 OR mm.menuid = 99999999 )
 ORDER BY ordering
19
SELECT m.*
 FROM jos_menu AS m
 WHERE menutype = 'mainmenu'
 AND published = 1
 ORDER BY parent, ordering
20
SELECT guest, usertype
 FROM jos_session
21
SELECT SUM( hits ) AS count
 FROM jos_stats_agents
 WHERE type = 1
22
SELECT a.id AS id, a.title AS title, COUNT(b.id) as cnt
 FROM jos_sections as a
 LEFT JOIN jos_content as b ON a.id = b.sectionid
 AND ( b.publish_up = '0000-00-00 00:00:00' OR b.publish_up <= '2009-01-06 00:46' )
 AND ( b.publish_down = '0000-00-00 00:00:00' OR b.publish_down >= '2009-01-06 00:46' )
 WHERE a.scope = 'content'
 AND a.published = 1
 GROUP BY a.id
 HAVING COUNT( b.id ) > 0
 ORDER BY a.ordering
LIMIT 5
23
SELECT m.id AS Itemid, m.componentid AS sectionid
 FROM jos_menu AS m
 WHERE ( m.type = 'content_section' OR m.type = 'content_blog_section' )
 AND m.published = 1
 AND ( m.componentid=6 OR m.componentid=5 OR m.componentid=4 OR m.componentid=9 OR m.componentid=1 OR m.componentid=0 )
 ORDER BY m.type DESC, m.id DESC
24
SELECT *
 FROM jos_banner
 WHERE showBanner=1
25
UPDATE jos_banner
 SET impmade = impmade + 1
 WHERE bid = 17
26
SELECT a.id, a.introtext, a.fulltext , a.images, a.attribs, a.title, a.state
 FROM jos_content AS a
 INNER JOIN jos_categories AS cc ON cc.id = a.catid
 INNER JOIN jos_sections AS s ON s.id = a.sectionid
 WHERE a.state = 1
 AND (a.publish_up = '0000-00-00 00:00:00' OR a.publish_up <= '2009-01-06 00:46' ) 
 AND (a.publish_down = '0000-00-00 00:00:00' OR a.publish_down >= '2009-01-06 00:46' )
 AND a.catid = 3
 AND cc.published = 1
 AND s.published = 1
 ORDER BY a.ordering
27
SELECT a.id, a.title, a.sectionid, a.catid
 FROM jos_content AS a
 LEFT JOIN jos_content_frontpage AS f ON f.content_id = a.id
 INNER JOIN jos_categories AS cc ON cc.id = a.catid
 INNER JOIN jos_sections AS s ON s.id = a.sectionid
 WHERE ( a.state = 1 AND a.sectionid > 0 )
 AND ( a.publish_up = '0000-00-00 00:00:00' OR a.publish_up <= '2009-01-06 00:46' )
 AND ( a.publish_down = '0000-00-00 00:00:00' OR a.publish_down >= '2009-01-06 00:46' )
 AND s.published = 1
 AND cc.published = 1
 ORDER BY a.created DESC
LIMIT 10
28
SELECT ms.id AS sid, ms.type AS stype, mc.id AS cid, mc.type AS ctype, i.id as sectionid, i.id As catid, ms.published AS spub, mc.published AS cpub
 FROM jos_content AS i
 LEFT JOIN jos_sections AS s ON i.sectionid = s.id
 LEFT JOIN jos_menu AS ms ON ms.componentid = s.id 
 LEFT JOIN jos_categories AS c ON i.catid = c.id
 LEFT JOIN jos_menu AS mc ON mc.componentid = c.id 
 WHERE ( ms.type IN ( 'content_section', 'content_blog_section' ) OR mc.type IN ( 'content_blog_category', 'content_category' ) )
 AND i.id = 270
 ORDER BY ms.type DESC, mc.type DESC, ms.id, mc.id
29
SELECT ms.id AS sid, ms.type AS stype, mc.id AS cid, mc.type AS ctype, i.id as sectionid, i.id As catid, ms.published AS spub, mc.published AS cpub
 FROM jos_content AS i
 LEFT JOIN jos_sections AS s ON i.sectionid = s.id
 LEFT JOIN jos_menu AS ms ON ms.componentid = s.id 
 LEFT JOIN jos_categories AS c ON i.catid = c.id
 LEFT JOIN jos_menu AS mc ON mc.componentid = c.id 
 WHERE ( ms.type IN ( 'content_section', 'content_blog_section' ) OR mc.type IN ( 'content_blog_category', 'content_category' ) )
 AND i.id = 268
 ORDER BY ms.type DESC, mc.type DESC, ms.id, mc.id
30
SELECT ms.id AS sid, ms.type AS stype, mc.id AS cid, mc.type AS ctype, i.id as sectionid, i.id As catid, ms.published AS spub, mc.published AS cpub
 FROM jos_content AS i
 LEFT JOIN jos_sections AS s ON i.sectionid = s.id
 LEFT JOIN jos_menu AS ms ON ms.componentid = s.id 
 LEFT JOIN jos_categories AS c ON i.catid = c.id
 LEFT JOIN jos_menu AS mc ON mc.componentid = c.id 
 WHERE ( ms.type IN ( 'content_section', 'content_blog_section' ) OR mc.type IN ( 'content_blog_category', 'content_category' ) )
 AND i.id = 266
 ORDER BY ms.type DESC, mc.type DESC, ms.id, mc.id
31
SELECT id 
 FROM jos_menu 
 WHERE type = 'content_blog_section'
 AND published = 1
 AND componentid = 0
32
SELECT id 
 FROM jos_menu 
 WHERE type = 'content_blog_category'
 AND published = 1
 AND componentid = 0
33
SELECT ms.id AS sid, ms.type AS stype, mc.id AS cid, mc.type AS ctype, i.id as sectionid, i.id As catid, ms.published AS spub, mc.published AS cpub
 FROM jos_content AS i
 LEFT JOIN jos_sections AS s ON i.sectionid = s.id
 LEFT JOIN jos_menu AS ms ON ms.componentid = s.id 
 LEFT JOIN jos_categories AS c ON i.catid = c.id
 LEFT JOIN jos_menu AS mc ON mc.componentid = c.id 
 WHERE ( ms.type IN ( 'content_section', 'content_blog_section' ) OR mc.type IN ( 'content_blog_category', 'content_category' ) )
 AND i.id = 265
 ORDER BY ms.type DESC, mc.type DESC, ms.id, mc.id
34
SELECT ms.id AS sid, ms.type AS stype, mc.id AS cid, mc.type AS ctype, i.id as sectionid, i.id As catid, ms.published AS spub, mc.published AS cpub
 FROM jos_content AS i
 LEFT JOIN jos_sections AS s ON i.sectionid = s.id
 LEFT JOIN jos_menu AS ms ON ms.componentid = s.id 
 LEFT JOIN jos_categories AS c ON i.catid = c.id
 LEFT JOIN jos_menu AS mc ON mc.componentid = c.id 
 WHERE ( ms.type IN ( 'content_section', 'content_blog_section' ) OR mc.type IN ( 'content_blog_category', 'content_category' ) )
 AND i.id = 257
 ORDER BY ms.type DESC, mc.type DESC, ms.id, mc.id
35
SELECT ms.id AS sid, ms.type AS stype, mc.id AS cid, mc.type AS ctype, i.id as sectionid, i.id As catid, ms.published AS spub, mc.published AS cpub
 FROM jos_content AS i
 LEFT JOIN jos_sections AS s ON i.sectionid = s.id
 LEFT JOIN jos_menu AS ms ON ms.componentid = s.id 
 LEFT JOIN jos_categories AS c ON i.catid = c.id
 LEFT JOIN jos_menu AS mc ON mc.componentid = c.id 
 WHERE ( ms.type IN ( 'content_section', 'content_blog_section' ) OR mc.type IN ( 'content_blog_category', 'content_category' ) )
 AND i.id = 253
 ORDER BY ms.type DESC, mc.type DESC, ms.id, mc.id
36
SELECT ms.id AS sid, ms.type AS stype, mc.id AS cid, mc.type AS ctype, i.id as sectionid, i.id As catid, ms.published AS spub, mc.published AS cpub
 FROM jos_content AS i
 LEFT JOIN jos_sections AS s ON i.sectionid = s.id
 LEFT JOIN jos_menu AS ms ON ms.componentid = s.id 
 LEFT JOIN jos_categories AS c ON i.catid = c.id
 LEFT JOIN jos_menu AS mc ON mc.componentid = c.id 
 WHERE ( ms.type IN ( 'content_section', 'content_blog_section' ) OR mc.type IN ( 'content_blog_category', 'content_category' ) )
 AND i.id = 252
 ORDER BY ms.type DESC, mc.type DESC, ms.id, mc.id
37
SELECT ms.id AS sid, ms.type AS stype, mc.id AS cid, mc.type AS ctype, i.id as sectionid, i.id As catid, ms.published AS spub, mc.published AS cpub
 FROM jos_content AS i
 LEFT JOIN jos_sections AS s ON i.sectionid = s.id
 LEFT JOIN jos_menu AS ms ON ms.componentid = s.id 
 LEFT JOIN jos_categories AS c ON i.catid = c.id
 LEFT JOIN jos_menu AS mc ON mc.componentid = c.id 
 WHERE ( ms.type IN ( 'content_section', 'content_blog_section' ) OR mc.type IN ( 'content_blog_category', 'content_category' ) )
 AND i.id = 246
 ORDER BY ms.type DESC, mc.type DESC, ms.id, mc.id
38
SELECT ms.id AS sid, ms.type AS stype, mc.id AS cid, mc.type AS ctype, i.id as sectionid, i.id As catid, ms.published AS spub, mc.published AS cpub
 FROM jos_content AS i
 LEFT JOIN jos_sections AS s ON i.sectionid = s.id
 LEFT JOIN jos_menu AS ms ON ms.componentid = s.id 
 LEFT JOIN jos_categories AS c ON i.catid = c.id
 LEFT JOIN jos_menu AS mc ON mc.componentid = c.id 
 WHERE ( ms.type IN ( 'content_section', 'content_blog_section' ) OR mc.type IN ( 'content_blog_category', 'content_category' ) )
 AND i.id = 236
 ORDER BY ms.type DESC, mc.type DESC, ms.id, mc.id
39
SELECT ms.id AS sid, ms.type AS stype, mc.id AS cid, mc.type AS ctype, i.id as sectionid, i.id As catid, ms.published AS spub, mc.published AS cpub
 FROM jos_content AS i
 LEFT JOIN jos_sections AS s ON i.sectionid = s.id
 LEFT JOIN jos_menu AS ms ON ms.componentid = s.id 
 LEFT JOIN jos_categories AS c ON i.catid = c.id
 LEFT JOIN jos_menu AS mc ON mc.componentid = c.id 
 WHERE ( ms.type IN ( 'content_section', 'content_blog_section' ) OR mc.type IN ( 'content_blog_category', 'content_category' ) )
 AND i.id = 240
 ORDER BY ms.type DESC, mc.type DESC, ms.id, mc.id
40
SELECT m.id, m.name, m.parent, m.link, m.type, m.browserNav, m.menutype, m.ordering, m.componentid, c.name AS component
 FROM jos_menu AS m
 LEFT JOIN jos_components AS c ON c.id=m.componentid
 WHERE m.published='1' AND m.menutype NOT IN ('topmenu') AND m.menutype NOT IN ('usermenu')
 ORDER BY m.menutype,m.parent,m.ordering